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Grade 10 Math Problem: Ozone Concentration Quadratic Function Analysis
Mathematics
Grade 10 (Junior High School, French Curriculum)
Question Content
Exercice 5 : problème\nL'ozone est un polluant qui provient indirectement de la circulation automobile.\nDes études ont montré qu'entre 9 h et 21 h, la concentration en ozone au centre d'une ville est donnée par la relation :\n$C(t)=-0,7t^2 + 21t - 86$\noù $C(t)$ est la concentration en ozone en $\\mu g/m^3$ et $t$ est le temps en heures.\n1. On considère la fonction $f$ définie sur l'intervalle [9;21] par $f(x)=-0,7x^2 + 21x - 86$.\n a. Expliquez pourquoi la courbe représentant la fonction $f$ sur [9;21] est une partie de parabole.\n b. Dressez un tableau de variations de $f$.\n c. Recopiez et complétez le tableau de valeurs ci-dessous.\n |$x$ | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 21 |\n |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n |$f(x)$ | | | | | | | |\n d. Tracez la représentation graphique de $f$ sur l'intervalle [9;21] dans un repère orthogonal. Commencez la graduation à 8 pour l'axe des abscisses et prenez 1 cm pour unité graphique sur cet axe. Sur l'axe des ordonnées, commencez la graduation à 40 avec une graduation de «10 en 10» tous les 5 cm.\n2. Exploitation graphique\n a. Déterminez la concentration maximale d'ozone atteinte dans cette ville. À quelle heure ce maximum est-il atteint?\n b. L'Union européenne impose comme seuil de protection de la végétation une concentration d'ozone de 65 $\\mu g/m^3$. À l'aide de la représentation graphique de $f$, estimez la plage horaire pendant laquelle ce seuil de protection de la végétation est dépassé. Laissez apparents les traits de construction permettant la lecture graphique.
Correct Answer
1. a. The function is a quadratic polynomial, so its graph is a parabole.\n b. Tableau de variations :\n |$x$ | 9 | | 15 | | 21 |\n |---|---|---|---|---|---|\n |$f'(x)$ | | + | 0 | - | |\n |$f(x)$ | $f(9)=47,9$ | $\\nearrow$ | $f(15)=80,5$ | $\\searrow$ | $f(21)=47,9$ |\n c. Completed table:\n |$x$ | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 21 |\n |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n |$f(x)$ | 47.9 | 67.1 | 76.3 | 80.5 | 76.3 | 67.1 | 47.9 |\n2. a. Maximum concentration: 80.5 $\\mu g/m^3$ at 15 h (3 PM).\n b. Estimated time range: approximately 10.5 h to 19.5 h (10:30 AM to 7:30 PM)
Detailed Solution Steps
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Step 1 (1a): Recognize that $f(x)$ is a quadratic function (degree 2 polynomial). By definition, all quadratic functions have a parabola as their graph, so the portion on [9;21] is a segment of a parabola.
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Step 2 (1b): Calculate the vertex of the parabola. For $ax^2+bx+c$, the vertex x-coordinate is $-b/(2a) = -21/(2*(-0.7)) = 15$. Since $a=-0.7<0$, the parabola opens downward, so $f(x)$ increases from $x=9$ to $x=15$, then decreases from $x=15$ to $x=21$. Compute $f(9)=-0.7(81)+21(9)-86=47.9$, $f(15)=-0.7(225)+21(15)-86=80.5$, $f(21)=-0.7(441)+21(21)-86=47.9$ to complete the variation table.
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Step 3 (1c): Substitute each x-value into $f(x)$:\n - $f(9)=47.9$, $f(11)=-0.7(121)+21(11)-86=67.1$\n - $f(13)=-0.7(169)+21(13)-86=76.3$, $f(15)=80.5$\n - $f(17)=-0.7(289)+21(17)-86=76.3$, $f(19)=-0.7(361)+21(19)-86=67.1$\n - $f(21)=47.9$
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Step 4 (1d): Follow the given graphing rules: plot the points from the table, draw a smooth parabola segment connecting them, with the specified axis scales.
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Step 5 (2a): The maximum value of the quadratic function is the y-coordinate of the vertex, which is $f(15)=80.5$ $\\mu g/m^3$, reached at $t=15$ h.
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Step 6 (2b): On the graph, draw a horizontal line at $y=65$. Find the x-values (times) where this line intersects the parabola. Estimate the intersection points at $x≈10.5$ and $x≈19.5$, so the threshold is exceeded between 10:30 AM and 7:30 PM.
Knowledge Points Involved
1
Quadratic Functions (Parabolas)
A quadratic function has the form $f(x)=ax^2+bx+c$ where $a≠0$. Its graph is a parabola: if $a>0$ it opens upward, if $a<0$ it opens downward. The vertex (maximum/minimum point) is at $x=-b/(2a)$. This is used to identify the shape of the graph and find extreme values.
2
Variation Table for Functions
A variation table summarizes the increasing/decreasing behavior of a function over an interval. It uses the sign of the first derivative (or vertex for quadratics) to show where the function rises ($\\nearrow$) or falls ($\\searrow$), and lists key function values at interval endpoints and critical points.
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Function Value Calculation
To find the value of a function $f(x)$ at a specific input $x$, substitute the value into the function's algebraic expression and compute the result. This is used to create tables of values for graphing.
4
Graphical Interpretation of Functions
Graphs of functions can be used to solve real-world problems: finding maximum/minimum values (vertex of a parabola), and finding input ranges where the function meets a threshold (intersection of the graph with a horizontal line).
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